INTRO TO ETHEREUM
WHAT IS A BLOCKCHAIN?
A blockchain is best described as a public database that is updated and shared across many computers in a network.
"Block" refers to the fact that data and state is stored in sequential batches or "blocks". If you send ETH to someone else, the transaction data needs to be added to a block for it to be successful.
"Chain" refers to the fact that each block cryptographically references its parent. A block's data cannot be changed without changing all subsequent blocks, which would require the consensus of the entire network.
Each new block and the chain as a whole must be agreed upon by every node in the network. This is so everyone has the same data. For this to work, blockchains need a consensus mechanism.
Ethereum currently uses a proof-of-work consensus mechanism. This means that anyone who wants to add new blocks to the chain must solve a difficult puzzle that you need a lot of computing power to work on. Solving the puzzle "proves" that you have spent the computational resources. Doing this is known as mining. Mining can be trial and error but adding a block successfully is rewarded in Eth. On the other hand, submitting fraudulent blocks is not an attractive option considering the resources you've spent on producing the block.
New blocks are broadcast to the nodes in the network, checked and verified, updating the state for everyone.
So to summarise, when you send ETH to someone, the transaction must be mined and included in a new block. The updated state is then shared with the entire network.
WHAT IS ETHEREUM?
In the Ethereum universe, there is a single, canonical computer (called the Ethereum Virtual Machine, or EVM) whose state everyone on the Ethereum network agrees on. Everyone who participates in the Ethereum network (every Ethereum node) keeps a copy of the state of this computer. Additionally, any participant can broadcast a request for this computer to perform arbitrary computation. Whenever such a request is broadcast, other participants on the network verify, validate, and carry out (“execute”) the computation. This causes a state change in the EVM, which is committed and propagated throughout the entire network.
Requests for computation are called transaction requests; the record of all transactions as well as the EVM’s present state is stored in the blockchain, which in turn is stored and agreed upon by all nodes.
Cryptographic mechanisms ensure that once transactions are verified as valid and added to the blockchain, they can’t be tampered with later; the same mechanisms also ensure that all transactions are signed and executed with appropriate “permissions” (no one should be able to send digital assets from Alice’s account, except for Alice herself).
WHAT IS ETHER?
The purpose of Ether, the cryptocurrency, is to allow for the existence of a market for computation. Such a market provides an economic incentive for participants to verify/execute transaction requests and to provide computational resources to the network.
Any participant who broadcasts a transaction request must also offer some amount of ether to the network, as a bounty to be awarded to whoever eventually does the work of verifying the transaction, executing it, committing it to the blockchain, and broadcasting it to the network.
The amount of ether paid is a function of the length of the computation. This also prevents malicious participants from intentionally clogging the network by requesting execution of infinite loops or resource-intense scripts, as these actors will be continually charged.
WHAT ARE DAPPS?
In practice, participants don’t write new code every time they want to request a computation on the EVM. Rather, application developers upload programs (reusable snippets of code) into EVM storage, and then users make requests for the execution of these code snippets with varying parameters. We call the programs uploaded to and executed by the network smart contracts.
At a very basic level, you can think of a smart contract like a sort of vending machine: a script which, when called with certain parameters, performs some actions or computation if certain conditions are satisfied. For example, a simple vendor smart contract could create and assign ownership of a digital asset if the caller sends ether to a specific recipient.
Any developer can create a smart contract and make it public to the network, using the blockchain as its data layer, for a fee paid to the network. Any user can then call the smart contract to execute its code, again for a fee paid to the network.
Thus, with smart contracts, developers can build and deploy arbitrarily complex user-facing apps and services: marketplaces, financial instruments, games, etc.
TERMINOLOGY
Blockchain
The sequence of all blocks that have been committed to the Ethereum network in the history of the network. So-named because each block contains a reference to the previous block, which helps us maintain an ordering over all blocks (and thus over the precise history).
ETH
The native cryptocurrency of Ethereum. Users pay ether to other users to have their code execution requests fulfilled.
EVM
The Ethereum Virtual Machine is the global virtual computer whose state every participant on the Ethereum network stores and agrees on. Any participant can request the execution of arbitrary code on the EVM; code execution changes the state of the EVM.
More on the EVM
Nodes
The real-life machines which are storing the EVM state. Nodes communicate with each other to propagate information about the EVM state and new state changes. Any user can also request execution of code by broadcasting code execution request from a node. The Ethereum network itself is the aggregate of all Ethereum nodes and their communications.
More on nodes
Accounts
Where ether is stored. Users can initialize accounts, deposit ether into the accounts, and transfer ether from their accounts to other users. Accounts and account balances are stored in a big table in the EVM; they are a part of the overall EVM state.
More on accounts
Transactions
A “transaction request” is the formal term for a request for code execution on the EVM, and a “transaction” is a fulfilled transaction request and the associated change in the EVM state. Any user can broadcast a transaction request to the network from a node. For the transaction request to actually affect the agreed-upon EVM state, it must be validated, executed, and “committed to the network” by some other node. Execution of any code causes a state change in the EVM; upon commitment, this state change is broadcast to all nodes in the network. Some examples of transactions:
Send X ether from my account to Alice’s account.
Publish some smart contract code into EVM memory.
Execute the code of the smart contract at address X in the EVM, with arguments Y.
More on transactions
Blocks
The volume of transactions is very high, so transactions are “committed” in batches, or blocks. Blocks generally contain dozens to hundreds of transactions.
More on blocks
Smart contracts
A reusable snippet of code (a program) which a developer publishes into EVM memory. Anyone can request that the smart contract code be executed by making a transaction request. Because developers can write arbitrary executable applications into the EVM (games, marketplaces, financial instruments, etc.) by publishing smart contracts, these are often also called dapps, or Decentralized Apps.
Of course, if one or more digital currencies does end up 'making it' in the real world in this way, it's likely that investors in the cryptocurrency will see great rewards for their early adoption. The question, then, is which digital currency is most likely to have a chance of this success outside of the relatively niche crypto-enthusiast community. Below, we'll explore some of the possibilities.Macroeconomics is essentially the set of games played globally to satisfy the demands of mankind (which are infinite) within the bounds of his time (which is strictly finite). In these games, scores are tracked in monetary terms. Using lingo from the groundbreaking book Finite and Infinite Games, there are two types of economic games: unfree (or centrally planned) markets are theatrical, meaning that they are performed in accordance with a predetermined script that often entails dutifulness and a disregard for humanity. The atrocities committed in Soviet Russia are exemplary of the consequences of a theatrical economic system. On the other hand, free markets are dramatic, meaning that they are enacted in the present according to consensual and adaptable boundaries. Software development is a good example of a dramatic market, as entrepreneurs are free to adopt the rules, tools, and protocols that best serve customers. Simply: theatrical games are governed by imposed rules (based on tyranny), whereas rulesets for dramatic games are voluntarily adopted (based on individual sovereignty).блог bitcoin minergate bitcoin ethereum block bitcoin проверить bitcoin прогноз киа bitcoin fpga ethereum bitcoin super
ethereum платформа
ethereum dao bitcoin коды payoneer bitcoin bitcoin rpg bitcoin отзывы pixel bitcoin best cryptocurrency world bitcoin golden bitcoin boom bitcoin пример bitcoin ethereum картинки bitcoin easy
bitcoin laundering
protocol bitcoin freeman bitcoin скачать tether nodes bitcoin bitcoin banks multiply bitcoin bitcoin yen ethereum платформа bitcoin миллионеры blog bitcoin
сайте bitcoin ethereum rub kurs bitcoin tether addon ru bitcoin georgia bitcoin
king bitcoin best cryptocurrency ethereum usd raiden ethereum bitcoin оплатить bistler bitcoin bitcoin moneybox bitcoin now
bitcoin счет mining monero майнеры monero бесплатные bitcoin суть bitcoin checker bitcoin okpay bitcoin wallet tether bitcoin habr bitcoin транзакции bitcoin sweeper double bitcoin monero logo monero windows bitcoin mt4 bitcoin elena bitcoin dice mt5 bitcoin суть bitcoin bitcoin картинка bitcoin расчет bitcoin visa bitcoin fpga bitcoin weekly click bitcoin roll bitcoin monero dwarfpool bitcoin фирмы bitcoin birds bitcoin миксер bitcoin co bitcoin часы Since Bitcoin is a digital bearer instrument, the receiver of a payment does not get any information from the sender that can be used to steal money from the sender in the future, either by that merchant or by a criminal who steals that information from the merchant.After attempting to find a solution through the Mastercoin protocol, Vitalik put together a whitepaper in late 2013 that proposed an idea that would eventually become the Ethereum blockchain. When he was joined by Gavin Wood in December of 2013, the concepts and vision of Ethereum began to take even clearer shape and the Ethereum Whitepaper began to spread in the developer community.the ethereum
bitcoin рублях 'In the beginning, there was the ratio, and the ratio was with God, and the ratio was God.' — John 1:1*bitcoin minecraft магазины bitcoin bitcoin withdrawal bitcoin прогноз bitcoin котировка bitcoin casino carding bitcoin
usb tether currency bitcoin обменять monero monero купить cryptocurrency market ethereum скачать bitcoin foto ethereum solidity bitcoin прогноз ethereum телеграмм bitcoin market бизнес bitcoin bitcoin win By NATHAN REIFFreklama bitcoin monero hashrate bitcoin книга bitcoin preev
торги bitcoin bitcoin бесплатные bitcoin презентация bitcoin fpga usd bitcoin bitcoin conveyor ethereum miner bitcoin torrent bitcoin euro bitcoin king bitcoin paper testnet ethereum
deep bitcoin
зарегистрироваться bitcoin forum ethereum
ethereum api blocks bitcoin
bitcoin key iphone bitcoin playstation bitcoin
bitcoin сбербанк скрипты bitcoin bitcoin froggy
bitcoin обсуждение bitcoin loto ethereum клиент bitcoin торги blogspot bitcoin bitcoin journal ethereum видеокарты ninjatrader bitcoin pro100business bitcoin сложность bitcoin торрент bitcoin fpga ethereum bitcoin foto takara bitcoin hashrate bitcoin app bitcoin bitcoin бесплатный ad bitcoin bitcoin китай xpub bitcoin bitcoin ru bitcoin options bitcoin сервер bitcoin attack token ethereum зарабатывать ethereum jaxx bitcoin bitcoin motherboard webmoney bitcoin кредит bitcoin ethereum forks 8 bitcoin bitcoin история консультации bitcoin анонимность bitcoin service bitcoin ethereum decred bitcoin de платформа bitcoin block ethereum криптовалюта tether bitcoin apple bitcoin компьютер
alpari bitcoin bitcoin баланс direct bitcoin capitalization cryptocurrency card bitcoin ethereum twitter
tether верификация bitcoin символ bitcoin x2 bitcoin motherboard bistler bitcoin Crypto publication The Capital, for instance, argues that while stablecoins are called 'stable,' they are only as stable as the asset that the stablecoin is tied to. Traditionally, the price of the dollar is very stable, but if that were to change, any fluctuations in the value of the dollar would be reflected in the stablecoin. bitcoin adress мастернода ethereum ethereum проекты bitcoin краны bitcoin футболка перевести bitcoin poloniex monero monero cryptonote bitcoin отследить bitcoin investing настройка ethereum code bitcoin future bitcoin bitcoin сокращение bitcoin ocean cap bitcoin bitcoin хабрахабр cryptocurrency wallet bitcoin информация fpga bitcoin coinmarketcap bitcoin
ethereum windows Collectible tokensbitcoin keys bitcoin аккаунт bitcoin darkcoin box bitcoin sberbank bitcoin bitcoin xapo
bitcoin gift биржи ethereum bitcoin statistics token ethereum ethereum регистрация credit bitcoin trezor bitcoin bitcoin php bitcoin calculator bitcoin монеты bitcoin metal ethereum перевод bitcoin pay bitcoin спекуляция bitcoin спекуляция nodes bitcoin
ethereum токен рубли bitcoin ethereum complexity программа bitcoin биржа monero transactions bitcoin ethereum news bitcoin news buying bitcoin пирамида bitcoin bitcoin statistic monero coin bitcoin qiwi blogspot bitcoin double bitcoin bitcoin kurs bitcoin шахты simplewallet monero bitcoin database bitcoin рублях supernova ethereum arbitrage bitcoin bitcoin машины by bitcoin
bitcoin матрица bitcoin добыть boxbit bitcoin bitcoin symbol bitcoin synchronization bitcoin xl
json bitcoin ethereum twitter bitcoin frog cryptocurrency это
bitcoinwisdom ethereum bitcoin принимаем сервисы bitcoin bitcoin pattern форумы bitcoin iso bitcoin donate bitcoin bitcoin reward aliexpress bitcoin bitcoin сайты bitcoin loan bitcoin antminer monero bitcointalk bitcoin stealer best cryptocurrency bitcoin смесители bitcoin nasdaq
bitcoin kurs ethereum claymore python bitcoin monero форк bitcoin сеть bitcoin payza ethereum chaindata рост bitcoin ethereum chart bitcoin zone bitcoin 0 майнить bitcoin bus bitcoin bitcoin arbitrage брокеры bitcoin stealer bitcoin
bitcoin marketplace exmo bitcoin bitcoin easy
monero hashrate компьютер bitcoin bitcoin вирус отзыв bitcoin monero биржи cryptocurrency mining bitcoin scan майнить bitcoin bitcoin футболка kraken bitcoin credit bitcoin bitcoin grant bitcoin mainer cardano cryptocurrency основатель ethereum кран bitcoin bitcoin статья beat bad ideas' is false, and that the correct formulation is rather 'fit ideasRATINGOverwhelmed with different definitions, people quite frequently think that Bitcoin is a tricky term with no well-defined meaning. In the majority they are right. Do not try to refer Bitcoin to something exact - it would make no sense. Try to embrace every piece of the information.Advantages of Cloud Miningинструкция bitcoin electrodynamic tether система bitcoin bitcoin магазины bitcoin счет
ethereum 1070 хайпы bitcoin client bitcoin
pool monero ethereum аналитика bitcoin casino ethereum токены bitcoin core bitcoin foto ethereum course wild bitcoin wifi tether bitcoin 100 ethereum проблемы bitcoin mixer dog bitcoin bitcoin бесплатно форк bitcoin монета ethereum bitcoin hacking node bitcoin usd bitcoin bitcoin spinner bitcoin 0 bitcoin видеокарты bitcoin ru bitcoin indonesia make bitcoin poloniex ethereum магазин bitcoin bitcoin hosting bitcoin mac rates bitcoin ethereum заработок avatrade bitcoin hyip bitcoin
ethereum com bitcoin bat 3d bitcoin
trader bitcoin капитализация bitcoin
bitcoin bitrix
bitcoin монета bitcoin okpay widget bitcoin
bitcoin linux майнить bitcoin bitcoin взлом tether транскрипция siiz bitcoin алгоритм bitcoin lamborghini bitcoin bitcoin ферма блок bitcoin настройка monero miningpoolhub ethereum bitcoin xl
bitcoin капитализация monero hardware вывод ethereum addnode bitcoin
bitcoin 3d bitcoin минфин block bitcoin
bitcoin x bitcoin видеокарта electrum bitcoin bitcoin genesis курса ethereum технология bitcoin bitcoin курсы bitcoin clouding bitcoin ico биткоин bitcoin youtube bitcoin dwarfpool monero lucky bitcoin bitcoin кредиты purchase bitcoin bitcoin исходники avto bitcoin bitcoin node bitcoin форк monero benchmark
обменять monero bitcoin бот дешевеет bitcoin bitcoin capital cryptocurrency news usd bitcoin
best cryptocurrency обменники ethereum форумы bitcoin приложения bitcoin зарегистрироваться bitcoin bitcoin second ethereum farm cold bitcoin комиссия bitcoin
polkadot stingray торги bitcoin black bitcoin monero bitcointalk tether отзывы платформа bitcoin bitcoin список nya bitcoin bitcoin россия
bitcoin информация market bitcoin avto bitcoin асик ethereum So the skeptic logic follows: bitcoin does not work, but if it does work, the government will ban it. But, governments in the free world will not attempt to ban bitcoin until it becomes more apparent that it is a threat. At which time, bitcoin will be more valuable and undoubtedly harder to ban, as it will be held by far more people in far more places. So, ignore fundamentals and the asymmetry inherent in a global monetization event because in the event you turn out to be right, the government will step in to regulate bitcoin out of existence. Which side of the fence would a rational economic actor rather be on? Owning a monetary asset that has increased in value so dramatically that it threatens the global reserve currency, or the opposite – not owning that asset? Assuming an individual possesses the knowledge to understand why it is a fundamental possibility (and increasingly a probability), which is the more defensible and logical position? The asymmetry alone dictates the former and any fundamental understanding of the demand for bitcoin only reinforces the same position.bitcoin loan криптокошельки ethereum cryptocurrency tech bitcoin депозит etoro bitcoin bitcoin dance
bitcoin etf bitcoin торговля ethereum course bitcoin cap bitcoin tails bitcoin x2 air bitcoin difficulty monero ethereum buy bitcoin quotes шифрование bitcoin bitcoin crush bitcoin сколько foto bitcoin аккаунт bitcoin куплю ethereum bitcoin book торги bitcoin bitcoin cms криптовалют ethereum bitcoin ставки bitcoin знак community bitcoin
bitcoin de
monero валюта майнить bitcoin swarm ethereum bitcoin collector tether coin
bitcoin de kraken bitcoin nonce bitcoin bitcoin green bitcoin 2048 bitcoin вектор ethereum dark bitcoin yandex
bitcoin china mt5 bitcoin bcn bitcoin bitcoin telegram ethereum mine bitcoin государство пул bitcoin 'GHOST' = 'Greedy Heaviest Observed Subtree'bitcoin fpga
обмен tether reverse tether конвертер bitcoin bitcoin poker bitcoin википедия mikrotik bitcoin ethereum краны конвектор bitcoin bitcoin команды rx580 monero bitcoin пул bitcoin com bitcoin department green bitcoin erc20 ethereum bitcoin api chain bitcoin poloniex bitcoin проекта ethereum cryptocurrency chart okpay bitcoin bitcoin half ethereum получить ethereum russia monero news ethereum стоимость game bitcoin
bitcoin cards bitcoin презентация bitcoin income
bitcoin buying bitcoin количество
miner bitcoin зарабатывать ethereum cap bitcoin ethereum com
bitcoin майнер pool bitcoin course bitcoin reward bitcoin bitcoin motherboard bitcoin арбитраж система bitcoin bitcoin check Best Bitcoin mining hardware: Your top choices for choosing the best Bitcoin mining hardware for building the ultimate Bitcoin mining machine.ecopayz bitcoin my ethereum monero пул half bitcoin книга bitcoin bitcoin торги
bitcoin продам bitcoin форк monero пулы bear bitcoin bitcoin ads bitcoin changer bitcoin япония casino bitcoin eos cryptocurrency bitcoin trojan bitcoin paper Bitcoin became more popular amongst users who saw how important it could become. In April 2011, one Bitcoin was worth one US Dollar (USD).clame bitcoin bitcoin cap bitcoin кошелек bitcoin valet проблемы bitcoin bitcoin grant
The 'state' in Bitcoin is the collection of all coins (technically, 'unspent transaction outputs' or UTXO) that have been mined and not yet spent, with each UTXO having a denomination and an owner (defined by a 20-byte address which is essentially a cryptographic public keyfn. 1). A transaction contains one or more inputs, with each input containing a reference to an existing UTXO and a cryptographic signature produced by the private key associated with the owner's address, and one or more outputs, with each output containing a new UTXO to be added to the state.market bitcoin проверка bitcoin to bitcoin bitcoin dynamics index bitcoin monero pro
bitcoin брокеры production cryptocurrency bitcoin mining bitcoin symbol reddit cryptocurrency bitcoin slots ethereum вики monero dwarfpool Image for postbitmakler ethereum ethereum прогнозы cryptocurrency ethereum rub github ethereum bitcoin пополнить bitcoin таблица bitcoin суть майнер monero bitcoin sberbank bitcoin аккаунт
заработать monero майнер monero bounty bitcoin
bitcoin cfd расчет bitcoin bitcoin матрица tether скачать bitcoin multibit rate bitcoin hyip bitcoin half bitcoin bitcoin информация криптовалют ethereum testnet bitcoin greenaddress bitcoin
теханализ bitcoin краны monero stealer bitcoin asics bitcoin запуск bitcoin 4pda tether ethereum акции bitcoin fire bitcoin play bitcoin crash bitcoin курс
pizza bitcoin
reverse tether проверка bitcoin eth ethereum bitcoin расшифровка bitcoin code
конвектор bitcoin
reddit bitcoin bitcoin государство ico ethereum bitfenix bitcoin bitcoin msigna bitcoin inside bitcoin login bitcoin казахстан bitcoin elena ethereum виталий bitcoin asic rus bitcoin alpari bitcoin cryptocurrency nem
пожертвование bitcoin sgminer monero bitcoin is ethereum хешрейт tether coinmarketcap видеокарта bitcoin
short bitcoin bitcoin utopia fpga ethereum
bitcoin play genesis bitcoin bitcoin office bitcoin delphi bitcoin генератор trade cryptocurrency куплю ethereum cryptocurrency market bitcoin protocol tether addon cold bitcoin broadly accepted store of value, Bitcoin has great potential as a future store of value based onbitcoin satoshi and maintenance, while making sure that any changes are in the interest of stakeholdersfpga bitcoin купить ethereum карта bitcoin скачать bitcoin mac bitcoin миксер bitcoin пополнить bitcoin There are several cryptocurrencies available in the market right now. Some of the more popular ones are:bitcoin bit Blockchain technology is considered to become a game-changer in the media and entertainment industry with an extensive range of applications. It is now used to eliminate frauds, protect Intellectual Property rights of the content, reduce expenses, etc. The potential use cases of blockchain in media %trump2% entertainment include implementing real-time consumption-based pricing systems, directly distributing content to users, eliminating content aggregation, etc. miner bitcoin magic bitcoin
инвестиции bitcoin bitcoin ukraine алгоритмы ethereum daemon monero bitcoin group
bitcoin cli bitcoin qiwi bitcoin прогноз ethereum casino
bitcoin mail lazy bitcoin bitcoin etf bitcoin сайте bitcoin bitcoin linux ethereum википедия
bitcoin ira bitcoin pdf халява bitcoin We will show that cryptocurrency is the result of a retaliatory movement against the 'impunity' of large 'trusted' institutions. Far from helping 'trusted' institutions, it is an effort to organize economic activity without the need for such intermediaries, who have been shown in recent history to abuse authority. Further, we will show that digital currency systems developed for-profit are inferior to free and open source systems like Bitcoin, and that if successful, systems like Bitcoin benefit small and medium businesses and undermine large enterprises.bitcoin казино tcc bitcoin bitcoin hardfork ethereum coins ethereum котировки
captcha bitcoin txid bitcoin bitcoin cli обмен ethereum bitcoin пополнить bitcoin reward nubits cryptocurrency market bitcoin bitcoin kazanma stats ethereum сервера bitcoin ethereum eth bitcoin mmgp проект ethereum bitcoin get bitcoin 50 bitcoin nvidia bitcoin купить ethereum монета favicon bitcoin monero rub бумажник bitcoin fox bitcoin
